Climate Change and Health: Heat, Dengue, Floods and Air Pollution
In short: WHO calls climate change the single biggest health threat facing humanity. Rising temperatures, extreme weather, vector shifts and air pollution already affect health in Nepal and worldwide.
Direct and indirect effects
Heatwaves increase heat stroke and cardiovascular deaths. Floods and landslides cause injuries, displacement and water-borne disease. Changing rainfall affects food security and nutrition. Warmer temperatures let mosquitoes survive at higher altitudes.
Dengue's spread in Nepal
Dengue was first reported in Nepal in 2004 and was once limited to the Terai. Large outbreaks — including 2019, 2022 and 2023 — have reached hill districts and Kathmandu, illustrating how climate and urbanisation reshape disease patterns.
Air pollution
WHO estimates that ambient and household air pollution together cause around 7 million premature deaths each year. Kathmandu Valley often records high PM2.5 levels in winter, and many rural households still cook with solid fuels.
Response
Climate-resilient health facilities, early warning systems for heat and floods, vector surveillance, clean cooking and low-carbon health care are priority actions. Nepal's Health National Adaptation Plan addresses these risks.
Key takeaways
- Climate change affects health directly and indirectly.
- Dengue has spread from Nepal's Terai to the hills.
- Air pollution causes about 7 million deaths a year worldwide.
Common questions
How can health facilities adapt?
Through reliable water and power, flood-proofing, heat management and climate-informed surveillance.
How do I protect myself from dengue?
Remove standing water, use repellent and nets, wear long sleeves, and seek care for high fever.
References
Educational content by PHC-Nepal. It does not replace advice from a qualified health professional.